Seeing as I live and study in the UK, you won’t be surprised to hear that the majority of my course covers British history and British conflicts. Which is fine, but it’s all very familiar and can get a little repetitive, even for a passionate history lover like me. It kind of reminds me of the summer job I had office cleaning London and the City’s most exclusive business addresses. I was all excited at first that I might catch a glimpse behind the scenes at some of the country’s biggest banks and corporate headquarters, but by the end of my first week I realised that their rubbish is just the same as my rubbish, and that there actually seems to be a direct link between how much you earn and how impolite you are to the staff who work in your office…

So, back to my course. The syllabus is so Anglo-centric that it’s like a breath of fresh air when we occasionally head abroad to study a a foreign conflict; the causes, methods and names are all unfamiliar, which I’m sure lends war an exotic air. Take this month, when we have been studying the US Civil War; a subject I thought I knew a little something about because of all the historical novels I have read which touch on the subject – or at least deal with the aftermath.

Turns out I knew very little about this extremely complex conflict, which I had always assumed was a straightforward battle between the evil slave-holding South, and the abolitionist forces of good in the North, lead by Abraham Lincoln. OK, slavery was a big part of why the South got their knickers in a twist and seceded, but it was really part of the bigger issue of states'rights. And far from being the historical hero that many people think he is, Lincoln was actually a huge racist who insisted that blacks and whites shouldn’t inter-marry and wanted to force all the freed slaves to go back to Africa – despite the fact that by this time nearly all the slaves in the US had been born there. Just goes to show, even people who know a fair bit about history can have a very black-and-white (if you’ll pardon the pun) opinion on something, which turns out to be much greyer than they imagined!

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I am not just a boring history lover that is constantly attendign teacher training courses in hope of attaining my dream job, I am also a big fool for love….romantic….soppy….love!

Relationships are hard and it is likely that long term relationships will encounter problems over time. This is not uncommon, but sometimes either member of the relationship can feel overwhelmed when problems arise and this can scare them into wanting to break up.

If you end up in this situation, where one minute you had a perfectly healthy and loving relationship and the next you find yourself on your own and wondering what to do know, well don’t fear. There are always ways to get your ex back and make things good again. Once you know how to get your ex back you can focus on what is important, and that is making your relationship work again.

If you can get your ex to understand that working through these problems is a good idea and the relationship can get back on track if you do, they might not feel so afraid of the whole situation and be willing to compromise and tackle the issues.

A great way to work through relationship issues is to speak to a professional. Counsellors are trained to help diffuse situations and to look at things from an outside perspective. This outside perspective can help both parties to recognize their wrong doings and they can also help by making suggestions for you to work on.

Relationship advisors really can help couples regain their connection and set things back on track. The simple act of merely talking to someone is actually a really useful tool that many people overlook. Often people are not able to see the benefit of sharing your emotions with a person who doesn’t fully understand the situation that you are going through. Even if you visit the counsellor on your own they can often provide invaluable suggestions to help you get your ex back.

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I have always been passionate about history. It is said that if you want to understand the reason for the present then you need to dig into the history. Most people who love to read or know about history would also love to follow the news as well. This is because history simply gives you a part of the story; the rest of the story is being written in the present. If you are a Christian, Jew or a Muslim you will know that this is very true when it comes to the story of the State of Israel and the conflicts it has with the rest of the world.

Israel is one nation or group of people that has survived for the last 5000 years. It is amazing how the story of this nation goes through many twists and turns. From the time of the great and powerful kings like David and Solomon, to the time when many of the Jews were killed in the concentration camps, many kingdoms have come up and all of them have exited from the world stage but the state of Israel, even after there was no Israel at one time, is back to its original place.

After years of study into the history of the Jewish people I have realized that it is not because of some alpha males or even makeshift alpha males over the centuries that have helped them to survive the brutality of various kingdoms like the Romans, Babylonians etc. But it was because of their firm belief in their religion and culture. Due to this firm belief they created a universal bond within themselves, which is why when the state of Israel was born Jews from all around the world started to pour into Israel and started to live together just like they did centuries ago.

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The source that is used to develop the most advanced legal theories in Europe nowadays was initially developed in Ancient Rome. Almost all legal concepts we are familiar with (including the incorporation of both common and continental law systems) have their beginning in the social order that Romans invented centuries before the formation of any of the current European legal monsters like the UK, France and Germany.

The Romans were creating laws in almost the same way as the British are issuing acts of Parliament nowadays. The Roman council, a democratically formed body of decision-makers, was discussing the impact of any intended and proposed legislation with the emperor being able to revoke or accept the final draft of the law in question. Deciding various cases was also quite usual for law-makers in the Empire and the outcome of such legal decisions was recorded to produce a common law approach of a precedent – once decided in a certain way, a case would be a foundation of reasoning in any future similar disputes.

Even though the Roman law introduced legal concepts that are nowadays widely rejected (such as slavery), the Romans managed to introduce key features of the family law in matters such as divorce and marriage. Furthermore, the Romans were among the inventors of the law of mortgage – where huge landowners gave land to ordinary people and as a return they either expected a percentage of the production grown on the land or a monetary percentage of the income that the land generates.

And even though we will remember the Romans for creating pieces of art sometimes compared to the modern days designer jewellery, we should also bear in mind the fact that out Courts of justice and legal systems all exist as a development of what was once the most advanced civilization known to men – the Roman Empire.

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But here’s something you might not realise. YOU DO LIKE HISTORY. That’s right, history pessimist, read those words again as much as you need to. And now, to prove my point, here is well…my point. What else?

You like history because you care about what happened last week in your life, right? And you like memories, yes? If you said Yes to either of those questions then you are a history lover and that is a fact. Everyone is a history lover, see; simply because history is what happened in the past and if you think about it, there’s an awful lot of past.

It tells us what works and what doesn’t, and we can apply that to the present and the future

Of course, the problem comes when trying to explain to people why OLD history is important to them, because on the surface I can see what they are thinking (history is boring as it has nothing in common with the age I live in). And here is the reason: old history is important to us all because it contains a lot of valuable lessons about various things. It tells us what works and what doesn’t, and we can apply that to the present and the future. This is why history matters: without it we’d have nothing of any consequence to learn from, which would mean making lots of mistakes all over again!

For examples of things we can learn from using history, see as follows:

1. We can look back in time and see how people solved neighbourly disputes (attacking neighbour with sword) or things like dodgy insurance claims or false horse equine claims during medieval times (such as, “someone stole my stud and it weighed as much as a full apple-loaded-cart!” when really it weighed as much as a large dog).

2. We can see what is unsafe and things which need to have an eye kept on them (roofs which are thatched are prone to fire, history tells us).

So really, history is incredible and without it we’d all be in a lot of trouble. If you’re not convinced now then you never will be!

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The Line of Control can be listed as one of the most dangerous borders. The battle for Kashmir in 1971 still has some remainder of spark that caused conflict between India and Pakistan. This spark still exists today for a couple of reasons which I would like to point out.

The first being the most recent development. A certain mistrust between the two nations had always been in the picture but the news of the death of Osama Bin Laden within Pakistani territory reaffirms India’s doubts over Pakistan. Although Pakistani ISI is ranked as one of the best in the world, it is hard to believe that the intelligence wing could miss this. Secondly, Pakistan and India relations have always been at a dis-balance due to international intervention. Instead of the two countries meeting each other, foreign bodies seem to budge in a destroy whatever progress has been made. An example can be taken for the US-PAK relations where the sale of F-16 which was first promised to India suddenly shifted to a sale promised to Pakistani’s. The two countries are better of meeting local bodies aiming for peace like the ASEAN which is a good platform to settle disputes.
The Line of control is now a build up of world class weapons and special ops forces on both sides of the border, a small accident can lead to an all out war. There is no pride when an Indian says India will win or when a Pakistani says Pakistan will win, bottom line is the next war should be prevented and tension should be resolved considering Kashmir as center table for discussion.

( chess clocks )

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The President had signed a law that the Radical Republicans pushed through to provide clothing, food and shelter for the freed slaves and poor whites in the South. The Democrats and moderate Republicans did not support such a law citing that it trampled on the rights of states. This was known as the Freedman’s Bureau and established over four thousand schools, sixty industrial institutes and forty hospitals in the south.

General Joseph Johnston’s confederate troops tried blocking General William T. Sherman’s advance on Goldsborough but they were defeated. Johnston put up three desperate fights at Bentonville but to no avail. He was outnumbered and had to draw back leaving North Carolina open to the encroaching Northern Army.

Lincoln held a meeting with Generals Grant and Sherman as well as Admiral Porter; they discussed the spring campaign of the war. Lincoln wanted the war to end with as little casualties as possible. Lincoln would grant the confederate soldiers rights but hoped their leaders would leave the United States.

The Confederate Congress along with President Jefferson Davis approved the request of Robert E. Lee to enlist blacks into the army. The slaves who volunteered would be granted freedom after the war but it was too little too late and not many of these blacks ever saw combat. The confederacy was extremely desperate; the troops were starving and thirsty. There wasn’t enough food and drink to go around, they would have even settled for coconut water if it was available.

Eventually the North won the civil war and March 1865 was a stepping stone in that direction. It was also a desperate time for the people of the Confederacy.

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I was on my way to the laser hair removal wilmslow clinic where I was picked up the Catholic Reporter to read; in the reporter it said that there were wikileaks documents that revealed that the United States tried to pressure the Vatican to reverse their belief that the war in Iraq was unjust. The Vatican believed not only was the war unjust but also that it has served no purpose and ultimately was useless. Humanitarian aid was what the Vatican believed should have been given to rebuild Iraq after the war.
The Just War theory dates its way back to St. Thomas Aquinas who wrote about it in his Summa Theoligia. He uses the teaching of Jesus and Paul to show how wars should never be fought. There are reasons for a just war though and three conditions must be met by the war. First war must be declared by the appropriate authority and only to protect the people who are under that authority from external and internal enemies, also the cause must be just. Lastly, there must be a rightful intention behind the war.
The motives for going to war must be good such as punishing evil-doers and keeping the peace among the nations. Aquinas agreed with Augustine that war is an evil thing, and its purpose is to overcome worse evils. Just Wars are meant to be defensive against evil, so pre-emptive strikes can raise questions about justice. Since the weapons that Saddam Hussein had were never found it raises the questions of what really the true motives of the war was. Though Christians all over the world had differing opinions on the war, there is no way that the Bush administration good justify that the war lined up with the Just war theory.

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The President had signed a law that the Radical Republicans pushed through to provide clothing, food and shelter for the freed slaves and poor whites in the South. The Democrats and moderate Republicans did not support such a law citing that it trampled on the rights of states. This was known as the Freedman’s Bureau and established over four thousand schools, sixty industrial institutes and forty hospitals in the south.

General Joseph Johnston’s confederate troops tried blocking General William T. Sherman’s advance on Goldsborough but they were defeated. Johnston put up three desperate fights at Bentonville but to no avail. He was outnumbered and had to draw back leaving North Carolina open to the encroaching Northern Army.

Lincoln held a meeting with Generals Grant and Sherman as well as Admiral Porter; they discussed the spring campaign of the war. Lincoln wanted the war to end with as little casualties as possible. Lincoln would grant the confederate soldiers rights but hoped their leaders would leave the United States.

The Confederate Congress along with President Jefferson Davis approved the request of Robert E. Lee to enlist blacks into the army. The slaves who volunteered would be granted freedom after the war but it was too little too late and not many of these blacks ever saw combat. The confederacy was extremely desperate; the troops were starving and thirsty. There wasn’t enough food and drink to go around, they would have even settled for coconut water if it was available.

Eventually the North won the civil war and March 1865 was a stepping stone in that direction. It was also a desperate time for the people of the Confederacy.

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The equitable rules in the English law have been wondered by many – what is their origin, where do they come from and how did they develop. Even the modern day equine insurance policies are coming from the developments in the Equity of the United Kingdom.

Firstly developed in Middle Ages, equity took its peak as a nwe theory of law application in the middle of the 16th century when people such as the promising Lords holding the Chancery seal were repaiting themistakes of the common law. For example, many people could easily afford protection of the law just because they had wealth – thus simple paying for your wrongs will not estopp you from comminttig that wrong again. This is how the doctrineof injunctions developed – the equity of injuction was designed not to ensure payment from people for their wrongdoing, but ensuring that the wrongdoer will not simply rely on payment and break the law again. This contracts in the ancient days were easily observed and common law was supported by a wholly new system that would bring legal order in the realm.

After the fusion of common law and equity, not only the Lord chancellor can apply the quitable remedies to common law situations. In the end of 19th century, the English realised that they cannot maintain just distribution of justice and order without enforcing equity. This is how the modern day of mortgage, contracts, equitable easements and rights in the land were developed by application of equitable doctrines by all courts in the country. A good result was achieved – today we call it justice delivering process and we refer to it as the ultimate arbiter of out actions and omissions.

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